Empirical Research For Treatment Of Intercultural Marriage

Empirical Research for treatment of Intercultural Marriage According to Hsu (2001), intercultural marriage is â€Å"marriage formed by partners with relatively diverse cultural backgrounds† (p.225). This is prominently seen through the film, in which Toula, a Grecian-American marries Ian Miller, a Caucasian- American. This film depicts the conflict that surrounds this union prior to marriage, such as planning the wedding, navigating the cultural differences and gaining parental approval for the union. Although it is understandable that intercultural marriage comes with far more difficulties than depicted. Hsu (2001) discusses that intercultural marriage, as opposed to intramarriage, where partners are from the same cultural background, often go to couple therapy because the merger of the two individual’s cultural beliefs and values is causing conflict. However, because an individual’s culture is embedded into their identity it is difficult to address cultural differences in a relationship. Consequently, a majority of the research available on treating intercultural marriage relates to the post-modern belief of social constructionism and narrative therapy. According to Biever, Bobele and North (1998), â€Å"understandings that are created about client’s situations and the culture arise out of a mutual, collaborate construction of meaning† (p. 184). Social constructionism provides a collaboration between the therapist and the client that allows the client to assess differentShow MoreRelatedBeyond Sophisticated Stereotyping10228 Words   |  41 PagesConditions ? Academy of Management Executive, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 1 Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemakingn i context Joyce S. Osland and Allan Bird Executive Overview Much of our cross-cultural training and research occurs within the framework of bipolar cultural dimensions. While this sophisticated stereotyping is helpful to a certain degree, it does not convey the complexity found within cultures. People working across cultures are frequently surprisedRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 PagesRepublic. As a way of encouraging integration, the ministry of culture represents intercultural dialogue within the state policy. The ministry also give support to cultural activities of members of national minorities living in the country, support for integration of members of the Roma community and immigrants. The Department of Arts, Libraries, Department of Media, and Audiovisual Policies have also supported intercultural projects. Non- governmental organizations such as: Organization for Aid to RefugeesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 ManagementRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages2004 9 CHAPTER 1 NEW MANAGEMENT FOR BUSINESS GROWTH IN A DEMANDING ECONOMY 9 Dell. This has also been a basis for the resurgence of great technologydriven corporations such as IBM from the severe down cycles it had experienced. This marriage of leadership and technology capability can also be credited for the success of E-Bay. Some astute investors and managers long ago figured out this power of management capital in establishing their valuations of growth companies—and with lucrativeRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesKochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward EvansRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesAuthors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA program

Essay on High School Senior Trip - 593 Words

High School Senior Trip Ever notice how Time flies when youre having fun? In fact, when friends and vacation are involved, its even seemingly more so. After all, thats what the high school senior trip is all about. Clinton High School has always been known for its senior trips. While surrounding high school seniors were taking trips to Washington, D.C. and Disney World, the seniors at Clinton High School were cruising to the Bahamas. The graduating class of 1990 was no different. The bus ride to Florida, where we were to board the ship, was only the beginning. Everyone was excited about going on a cruise and anxious to get to the Bahamas. Due to the fact that we were all teenagers and no one in our graduating class had†¦show more content†¦Pillow fights on one deck and cross-dressing pageants on another deck. The pool was located on one of the upper decks. A lot of the girls were at the pool swimming and sun bathing. Most of the guys headed straight for the numerous lounges on board or either the casino. Consequently, a number of them were caught by the chaperones with alcoholic beverages in hand. Some of my classmates enjoyed a movie in the theatre that was on board the cruise ship. Others got a taste of the chefs gourmet cuisine. Need I mention that there were eight full meals served daily along with snacks and finger foods? At any given time aboard this ship you could go somewhere on deck to get something to eat. In the evenings there w ere parties on every deck. During this same time there were three different clubs open below deck. My fellow classmates were partying hard. One of my male classmates was caught with marijuana in his possession. Needless to say, he also got to visit the jail that was on board in what we called the dungeon part of the ship. The chaperones could not keep up with us, must less keep us under control. We had not yet even reached port in Nassau, Bahamas. The word was spread that we were having a class meeting in the theatre the following day. Everyone had to attend the meeting or we could not leave the ship once we docked in the Bahamas. The chaperones informed us that we were not allowed to be off of the ship during the evening hours. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Annual Field Trip University Of California ( Uc ) Merced And Csu Stanislaus1236 Words   |  5 PagesMoua survey sophomore students regarding the upcoming field trip to University of California (UC) Merced and CSU Stanislaus. After attending management meeting, I helped Moua organize schedules for tomorrow’s CSU workshop. Afterwards, I helped students complete their FSA ID. Once school was out, Christina and Molly from FUSD came to Fresno High to teach the counselors about the new changes in Beta Tool. 10-4-16 7:45-3:15 Before school, I helped students who came into the counseling center with theirRead MoreReflection Paper On Public Schools And Private Schools1046 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper High school. For all, its the two words that outs you on a nostalgic trip down memory lane. For some it, brings us down a happy trip, for others, it make us cringe overtime someone mentions high school in a sentence. It all depends on your â€Å"background† in high school. There’s always been this argument present stating the difference between public schools and private schools. Its been said that the students attending private schools. 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Although I did have fun other times really stunk for me. Lets start with my dog being put down. It was the beginning of the year and we noticed he was being ill and he started not to be able to walk on his own. He was not even eating or drinking anything, so we took him to the emergency vet. They took a bunchRead MoreHigh School And Graduation Speech928 Words   |  4 Pages It was my senior year in high school and graduation was inching closer and closer. My high school principal stood on the stage of our auditorium introducing me as the recipient of the Principals Hall of Fame Award. As he stated proudly â€Å"Desiree aspires to return to North Miami Beach Senior High to teach science† it was hard for me to conceal my shock. How had he misinterpreted my future plans into becoming an educator and even more, to returning to my high school? 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My senior year of high school I decided to transfer from my hometown public school in Destin, Florida to Boston Ballet in Boston, Massachusetts. I spent a rigorous and amazing semester there, making so many new friends from all over the world, practicing something that I truly love and enjoy learning

NAFTA Free Essays

Introduction Since the idea of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) first entered the broader public consciousness in the early 1990s, there has been a remarkable reorientation within business, academic, and political circles in an effort to consider and better understand the nature of the North American relationship. The 1988 free trade agreement between Canada and the United States evoked intense debate and soul searching within Canada and comparatively little interest among Americans; but that situation changed as the horizons broadened to include Mexico and likely extension into other countries of Latin America, beginning with Chile. (Aggrawal, 363-372) By the early 1990s, Americans, along with Mexicans and Canadians, had fully entered into the dialogue. We will write a custom essay sample on NAFTA or any similar topic only for you Order Now Remarkably, although perhaps not surprisingly, the nature of the issues raised, anxieties expressed, and ambitions to be realized through a closer trilateral relationship articulated within one country have resonated in the others. Although the alliances of foes and advocates have varied in the three countries, there have also been remarkable similarities. Canadians and Mexicans have tended to be more directly engaged in a debate over models of development and strategies of dealing with their common neighbor than have Americans. The NAFTA Debate The NAFTA agreement touched on such a wide range of issues and areas, including financial services, foreign investment, the auto sector, textiles, agriculture, labor, and the environment in the side agreements that it should not have been surprising that it evoked strong sentiments among a variety of interest groups in the United States and Mexico, although the Mexican public debate was significantly muted by the more closed nature of the political system. In the United States, the opponents of NAFTA were strange bedfellows: organized and unorganized labor, environmentalists, consumer groups, the protectionist left, and the populist right of Ross Perot, variously denouncing the agreement as a big-business plot to take advantage of low Mexican wages and lax Mexican government enforcement of environmental standards and labor laws. (Andrea, 54-69) On the protagonist side, the administration and its supporters, which included arch-conservative Rush Limbaugh and corporate scion Lee Iacocca, contended that NAFTA would expand American markets, improve environmental and labor issues along the U.S.-Mexican border, and sufficiently improve economic and labor conditions in Mexico to result in a significant reduction in Mexican immigration pressure on the United States. (Peter, 44-56) The Impact of NAFTA Given the limitations of time and space, I will touch on a select range of areas in considering the impact of NAFTA to date: industry, labor, immigration, and the environment.   As with other issues, continuity here is more striking than any significant departure from the past. At the time of the conclusion of NAFTA, Mexico was, and remains, the third largest trading partner of the United States after Canada and Japan, although its economy was only five percent the size of the combined American and Canadian economies. In 1992, the United States was the source of approximately seventy percent of Mexican imports and the market for seventy-six percent of its exports. As the result of GATT and general tariff reduction in Mexico, Mexican tariffs on U.S. imported goods by 1992 averaged ten percent in contrast to the one hundred percent that prevailed in 1981. (Gallagher, 43-51) NAFTA will have no effect on the number of jobs in the United States NAFTA will have neither a significant negative nor positive impact on the environment It will produce a small overall gain in U.S. real income The real wages of skilled workers may decline slightly For the United States, NAFTA is more a foreign policy than an economic issue. NAFTA provided for the phasing out of tariffs on apparel and textiles over ten years, with some items to have duty-free access to Mexico immediately. All tariffs on autos and auto parts are to be eliminated over ten years; in agriculture, Mexico and the United States are to phase out fifty-seven percent of trade barriers immediately, ninety-four percent after ten years and one hundred percent after fifteen years. U.S. and Canadian investors are guaranteed national treatment with the right to seek binding arbitration in international tribunals, although the agreement excludes in this respect the Mexican energy and railway industries, U.S. airline and radio communications, and Canadian cultural industries. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the oil sector, PEMEX is to retain its monopoly over most of the industry, but non-Mexicans will be able to invest in petrochemicals, electricity generation, and coal mines; procurement contracts for PEMEX and Mexico’s state electricity commission are also to be opened to foreigners; foreign banks and securities brokers are to have unrestricted access to Mexico by the end of the decade, although there are some restrictions on the sale of policies by U.S. insurers. (Andrea, 54-69) The agreement also provides for an elimination of most of Mexico’s tariff barriers on telecommunications equipment. Basic voice services remain protected but foreign investors are to have access to value-added telephone services. As a response to the significant political opposition to the original agreement in the United States, there are two side agreements for environmental and labor standards. The former is especially weak, providing for each nation to apply its own environmental standards provided they are established on a scientific basis and with the stipulation that lowering of standards in order to attract foreign investment would be â€Å"inappropriate.† (Aggrawal, 363-372) The two commissions established to deal with environmental and labor matters have the power to impose fines and remove trade privileges as a last resort when environmental standards or legislation pertaining to health and labor safety, minimum wages, or child labor are deemed to have been violated. Such fines would be levied on the governments not the private sector violators. (Francesco, 90-97) Labor. In 2005, Perot contended that the job losses to the United States as a result of NAFTA would be as high as 5.9 million. As The Economist suggested at the time, such a result was not feasible. For there to be a shift of even 2 million-and this is not to suggest that such a loss would be insignificant-Mexico would need a bilateral trade surplus of $100 billion, equal to one-third of its gross domestic product (GDP) in 1973. Gary Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott of the Washington Institute for International Economics estimated, on the contrary, that NAFTA would generate a net increase of 171,000 jobs in the United States and that combined U.S. and Mexican GDP would ultimately increase by $15 billion a year. Yet another study, this one by the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, predicted that the net loss of U.S. jobs to Mexico would be 490,000. (Andrea, 54-69) Such wildly diverse predictions and analyses, even if one discounts Perot’s, suggest the inexact nature of economic forecasting as well as its ideological biases. Yet one also has to keep in mind that differences of 200,000 are not considered significant, since seasonally adjusted statistics employment numbers shift up and down by that magnitude on a month-to-month basis. There also seems to be a general consensus among economists, including the Chicago school, that open markets and deregulation lead to social and economic dislocation. The left and the right simply and fundamentally differ over what one does to correct that dislocation. (Peter, 44-56) Advocates of NAFTA countered critics on the issue of differential wage scales with the argument that firms would not relocate simply because Mexican wages are eight times lower than those for U.S. workers. If one considers that wages comprise only fifteen percent of production costs, that the cost of relocation, including potentially increased transportation costs, training of a new labor force and the lower level of productivity among Mexican workers, and fringe benefits including housing allowances and Christmas bonuses normally equal to one month’s wages, the wage differential is significantly reduced as a factor determining capital location. As well, as productivity increases in Mexico, wages will also rise, which will also occur in the higher technology areas of employment, as for instance in the highly productive Ford plant in Hermosillo, Baja California. (Francesco, 90-97) Further, and perhaps most significantly, it could be argued that under the provisions of the maquiladora operations that had been in place for three decades, there had been more than ample opportunity to test the thesis that employment and investment would be diverted to Mexico. U.S. organized labor could identify only 96,000 pre-NAFTA jobs that had shifted to Mexico in the previous decade, and several of the firms involved-Smith Corona typewriters and Zenith televisions- would have either moved to Southeast Asia or gone out of business if they had not shifted operations to Mexico. In one of the sectors where Mexico enjoyed a clear comparative advantage over the United States-beet sugar production-Clinton acceded to pressures from U.S. interests to include a protective provision in NAFTA. (Gallagher, 43-51) In another sector-apparel manufacturing- where Mexico also enjoys considerable comparative advantage, it is anticipated that although there will certainly be short-term and possibly significant job losses to Mexico; in the long term, improved economic conditions in Mexico, rising wages, and increased consumer spending capacity will level the playing field between the two countries. The data on job losses and job creation tied to NAFTA are not very favorable to date. U.S. Department of Labor statistics suggest that the job loss in the United States has been slight. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the twenty months following the implementation of the agreement, 68,482 workers had applied for a special NAFTA program of federal retraining assistance while losing their jobs; 38,148 had been accepted under the plan, which requires proof that the job loss is trade-related although not necessarily specifically caused by NAFTA. Those applying for assistance represented some 457 firms located in forty-six states, including Allied Signal, Sara Lee, Smith Corona, Averred Battery, Zenith, and Proctor and Gamble, all of which had belonged to a pro-NAFTA lobby. (Andrea, 54-69) Department as well as American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) officials agreed that in northern California in particular the impact seemed to have been especially light. Only one firm, Plantronics, a designer and manufacturer of telephone headsets, had by 1995 laid off 60 of 300 workers at its Santa Cruz plant and moved their positions to Mexico. The marginal NAFTA impact on industries such as Plantronics appears to be linked to the fact the region’s high-tech; white-collar industries are less susceptible to low-wage Mexican competition than other industries elsewhere in the United States. Nonetheless, this perception of a failure of NAFTA to increase U.S. exports and export-related jobs led the anti-NAFTA consumer advocacy group Public Citizen to claim without hard evidence 300,000 NAFTA-related job losses. This argument received support from Congressional critics of NAFTA. (Francesco, 90-97) Ohio Democratic Representative Marcy Kaptur, for instance, joined with others to form a bipartisan House group with plans to introduce a NAFTA Benchmarks Bill to suspend NAFTA and set quantifiable limits on the trade deficit, job losses, and currency rates that would trigger an automatic suspension of the trade agreement. Certainly, Mexico has increased its exports to the United States as well as its proportional share of U.S. imports; but, this would have occurred without NAFTA with the Mexican peso devaluation in the same way that a low Canadian dollar continues to stimulate Canadian exports. Immigration. It may be inappropriate to attempt at this early stage to examine what has been happening with Mexican migration pressures on the U.S. border during the two years NAFTA has been in effect, since the crisis in the Mexican economy has greatly exacerbated the problem. Nonetheless, it is useful to examine, briefly, the patterns in this area. Pro-NAFTA groups were adamant that an improved Mexican economy was the only long-term solution to high levels of Mexican migration-legal or illegal-to the United States, and I see no basis to reject that analysis. The fact remains that in the relatively short period since NAFTA was implemented there has been no easing of pressure on border points in the southwest. Nonetheless, I would stress that it is impossible to attribute this situation to NAFTA per se, at the same time that in the short term at least NAFTA has not in itself significantly alleviated the migration problem. That is a long-term issue, driven by cultural, economic, and political considerations, which will only be corrected if a relative degree of equilibrium is achieved on both sides of the border. (Gallagher, 43-51) At present, that is not even a fantasy let alone a realistic economic goal, and even if the economic situation were corrected, such issues as family reunification with the large indigenous Mexican-American population in the southwestern United States will work to encourage ongoing migration into the area. Environmental Issues. Environmental protection was a critical factor in obtaining congressional approval of the agreement in the U.S. Congress; yet one must recognize that it was and remains a side issue beside the main objectives of NAFTA, which are trade and investment liberalization. Hence, it is rather misleading to attempt to measure the success or failure of NAFTA in terms of the successes or failures of that side agreement. Nonetheless, what I believe has happened over the past several years is that analysts have begun to take a far more holistic approach to the understanding of international trade questions, much in the same way that analysts in strategic studies have gone far beyond their traditional weapon-counting approach to the discipline by taking into consideration a range of other factors that now are seen to threaten national security, including environmental degradation, poverty, and human migration. (Francesco, 90-97) Mexico’s economic crisis has seriously undermined its capacity at the federal, state, and local levels to fund environmental clean-up and regulation of industries. Hence, although there has been notable new private investment in Mexican maquiladoras, there has been no significant investment in the infrastructure in the areas where those firms operate. There is little value in detailing here the level of environmental degradation that continues to characterize industrial Mexico. Such pollution is clearly not the direct result of NAFTA, but it is the result of a political and economic philosophy that attempts to separate trade matters from the quality of the environment in which we live and which places a premium on open markets, privatization, and deregulation. (Andrea, 54-69) There has admittedly been more attention to environment, labor standards, and culture in recent years than there was at the outset of the debate over the U.S.-Canada trade agreement, primarily because of the impact that labor and environmental groups have had on the political agenda in the United States; but it is questionable that the relatively weak institutions established to deal with environmental and labor issues will be radical in their approaches. In the longer term, all societies will pay a very high price indeed if those issues are not effectively addressed. Conclusion NAFTA has not simply failed to provide some of its promised benefits, but it has led instead to unemployment, environmental devastation, and serious health problems.   The few beneficiaries have been corporations who benefit from deregulation that reduces their costs and the free market that they largely control.   The North American Free Trade Agreement has proved a failure and at the very least must be revised in order to compensate for the damages that have occurred. As long as economic motives are behind any legislation, people and the environment will unfortunately always be expendable. To return to the main issue raised in this paper, the impact of NAFTA in its first two years the evidence remains preliminary. A combination of factors led to a dramatic increase in Mexican exports to the United States after NAFTA and a substantial shift in the favorable balance of trade away from the United States. As long as prices and the costs of production in Mexico remain low, proximity to the United States will likely serve to perpetuate that pattern. Mexican export opportunities will also provide continuing incentive for foreign investment in Mexican agriculture and manufacturing, as well as financial institutions. To date, the anticipated liberalization of investment in the extractive resource sector in Mexico has not been fully realized, especially in petroleum, and the continued significance and power of PEMEX in Mexican political culture suggests that any dramatic change in the petroleum investment environment is unlikely to come soon. At the same time, the decades of a highly protectionist Mexican economic policy are in the past, and there are no signs of a return to the import substitution model. In the United States, there is more volatility on the politics of trade and trade policy. Works Cited Aggrawal, R. and Kyaw, N.A. â€Å"Equity market integration in the NAFTA region: evidence from unit root and cointegration tests†, International Review of Financial Analysis 4, 2004: 363-372 Andrea Bjorklund et al. â€Å"Investment Disputes Under NAFTA (Ring-bound)† Kluwer Law International; Lslf edition, 2006: 54-69 Francesco Duina, â€Å"The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur† Princeton University Press, 2005: 90-97 Gallagher, Kevin â€Å"Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond†. Stanford University Press, 2004: 43-51 Gilmore, C.G. and McManus, G.M. â€Å"The impact of NAFTA on the integration of the Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. equity markets†, Research in Global Strategic Management 10, 2004: 102-118 Peter Hakim â€Å"The Future of North American Integration: Beyond NAFTA†. University of British Columbia Press, 2005: 44-56 How to cite NAFTA, Essay examples

Fine Art Essay Example For Students

Fine Art Essay Sketch aesthetics, also known as squishes, are preparatory sketches or paintings to quickly capture the idea off painting (Myers, N. , (2000-2013). The aesthetic of the sketch in the nineteenth-century France). This process was used frequently throughout the time of fine art. The Raft of Medusa by Curricular, and Mount Saints-Victoria broke traditional fine arts when they combined it with applied arts, which is the application of design to objects of everyday use (Applied Arts, 2013), The Raft of the Medusa is an oil painting of 1818-1819 by the French Romantic painter and Lithographer The ©adore G ©auricular (1791?1824) (Raft of Medusa, 2013). G ©auricular undertook extensive research and produced many preparatory sketches. He interviewed two of the survivors, and constructed a detailed scale model of the raft. His efforts took him to morgues and hospitals where he could view, first-hand, the color and texture of the flesh of the dying and dead (Raft of Medusa, 2013, Para. 2). This portrait depicts the essence of the gruesome fight that occurred at this naval appointment which was on widely controversial topic nickering the competence of the Ministry of Navy. Although The Raft of the Medusa retains elements of the traditions of history painting, in both its choice of subject matter and its dramatic presentation, it represents a break from the calm and order Of the then-prevailing neoclassical school (Raft Of Medusa, 2013, Para. 3). Mount Saints-Victoria sis series of oil paintings by the French artist Paul C ©Zane (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013). This landscape is an iconic mountain in southern France that overlooks the Xix-en Provence. C ©Zane often included a ketch of a railroad that ran alongside the mountain in his paintings. C ©Zane praised the Mont Saints-Victory, which he viewed from the train while passing through the railway bridge at Arc River Valley and soon he began the series wherein he topological this mountain (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013, Para. 2). C ©Zane was skilled at analysis. He used geometry to describe nature, and used different colors to represent the depth of objects (Mont Saints-Victory, 2013). As can concisely conclude that the Raft to Medusa by Curricular and Mount Saints-Victoria, in both their choice of subject matter and their presentation, they represent a break trot tine arts.

Should Athletes Get Paid free essay sample

Should college Athletes Be Paid to play These days athletes are getting paid under federal labor laws and entitled to form unions and negotiate wages, hours and working conditions. Most college athletes these days are getting paid under the table according to Kenneth J. Cooper. This article explains why college athletes go to certain colleges. Donald Remy, the NCAA’s general counsel and vice president for legal affairs, says court precedents and tax laws have upheld the status of college athletes as students. Remy believes that student athletes are not employees under the law, and that they should not be treated as employees either by the law or by the schools they attend†. Tommy Amaker a former basketball star at Duke University now coaches at Harvard university men’s team said he could of got his education paid for at an incredible school but he didn’t want to. To me I think I would of did the same thing because I wouldn’t want free money that I di dn’t work for or didn’t win. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Athletes Get Paid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If he would of took it and got caught he would most likely get in trouble and duke university would have to get theirs wins and their banners token down. They would have to get their wins and banners taken down because once you violate the NCAA rule that’s what the NCAA does because no one likes someone that breaks rules. I would for sure think they would get in trouble because the same thing happen to Derrick Rose and John wall for taking money from the university. When his teammates found out they were upset because all their hard work before and after the season didn’t even matter anymore. In this article it also talks about college athletes going to college but not for a education for the college experience, and to make it pro. I really agree with this because most college athletes would want to go pro and make the big bucks but sometimes it doesn’t always work like that. For example my cousin didn’t want an education all he wanted to do was make the big bucks and that’s what he did. Many at major collegiate programs never get a degree the NCAA’s own statistics show. Former players who did graduate may be less inclined to think they were employee athletes as the McCormicks call them. Do you think people play D1 sports for the love of the game or for a job? To me most people play for the love of the game and some play because their getting paid and to me when you get paid to play that’s not right. Both Amaker and Hicks went to private schools and you woundlt think private schools would pay their players but they sure did. It doesn’t matter what school you go to most students are going to get some type of money.

Book and Film - All Quiet On the Western Front essays

Book and Film - All Quiet On the Western Front essays I read "All Quiet on the Western Front" and viewed the movie. Both the film and the novel show the horror of trench warfare and the drawbacks of unquestioning patriotism. Both the film and the novel follow the same plot but emphasize different aspects. The beginning of both the movie and the novel start off saying. "This story is neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. [This story] will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells were destroyed by the war. This line is a precursor of what is to come. The film version of "All Quiet on the Western Front," directed by Lewis Milestone and the novel by Erich Remarque tells what happens to a group of German teenagers during World War I. In this novel some very deep feelings come from the soldiers point of view. The story centers around Paul Baumer, the main character. Paul is the protagonist of the novel who changes from a soft young man to a hardened soldier. He and his classmates had patriotically marched off for recruitment, led on by their teacher, Kantorek. However, they soon find that war is not as glorious as everyone thinks it is. The soldiers soon endure a life in the rat-infested trenches with very few food rations. Throughout the novel and the movie Paul focuses mainly on trying to stay alive and is constantly worrying whether his friends will survive. There is a strong serious tone present in the novel. The theme of how the war destroyed the generation is brought up many times. In the movie this theme is not brought up as much as in the book. There is struggle with death for the soldiers. There is a struggle to survive, and also to deal with the death of their comrades and those around them. A great deal of the setting of the novel and the movie takes place on the battlefield or in the trenches. Paul and his fellow soldiers live ...

Discuss whether supermarkets are beneficial to the society they Essay - 1

Discuss whether supermarkets are beneficial to the society they operate within in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Clarence Saunders, founder of the Piggly Wiggly chain of supermarkets (USPTO: 1917). However it was not long until the self serving store was found across the North American continent and made its way to the UK. The initial success of the supermarket was the ability of customers to inspect products for themselves before making a purchase. In the past it was the case that products were kept behind counters and were only accessed by shop keepers. Building on this idea, the supermarket concept also brought with it the ability to shop for a variety of goods in different departments. It was the case that in the past customers had to purchase meat from butchers, bread from bakers, fruits and vegetables from green-grocers, canned and dried goods from a dry goods shop and sweets from confectioners. Naturally, if one were to accomplish all of the family shopping it would be a very long excursion however with the ability to accomplish all of this shopping in one location more time would be free for other activities. According to the Times Online the big four supermarket retailers in the UK are Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons which control about 75% of the UK grocery retail market (Judge, 2008). Anybody familiar with the grocery market would be able to identify that there are a number of other major competitors such as ALDI, Lidl, Spar, and Costco to name a few. It is the case that most residents in the UK do the majority of their shopping at supermarkets with only a small percentage doing their shopping at other locations such as specialty shops, boutiques, farmers markets etc. As mentioned in the discussion of the origins of supermarkets it was the case that one of the original benefits of the supermarket model was that it was a one-stop destination for all food (And many non-food) items. With the advent of many other modern conveniences such as

Pitch for a documentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pitch for a documentary - Essay Example In the industry of drum making it is a modern trend they have started the use of fiberglass to make them. From the Patagonia Company, which dealt with the construction of surfboards, they inspired him to use the knowledge gained to assemble his drums. He has been working tireless for the last one year. He even went to the extent of sacrificing himself by going hungry most of the time so that he can manage to make the drums. It was hard for him since his grandmother would pay his rent since he was unable to gather enough funds for other expenses in his life. He has struggled emotionally since he is not able to fully sustain himself. Since he is unable to sustain himself fully, he is in conflict with himself and is wondering whether he should continue fiberglass drums making. He is struggling for his survival and still not making enough in the manufacture of the drums. One day he decides to completely quit the business and do other things outside his field of specialization. The landlord learns about his idea of quitting the job. He decides to work with him as his partner and lets him use the warehouse for free without payment of rent. With the help of his landlord he manages to make fiberglass drums in an easier way. He makes many of these kits and is looking for customers for his work. He makes quality kits and takes his time on this. This will make him rise again in his business and he will be able to create more employment for people in this industry. Once you hit the drum, it makes a cool relaxing sound and is light enough which makes it convenient for a person to carry around. The target for his work can be music bands, church choirs and many other people in the music industry who have passion for music. His drums are of good quality and can play good music which is not deafening or unpleasant to the ears. He has a goal to reach as he explains to me.

Public University Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public University Analysis - Research Paper Example The financial statements in this institution contains some remarkable disclosure of the cost that the institution goes through in providing retirement benefits, related gains, assets and lastly all liabilities. These financial statements therefore, are able to provide the employees with a clear view of the risks and rewards that arise from the defined benefits. In addition, all funding obligations which are in relations to all liabilities of the benefits schemes defined are all clearly identified (University of Maryland, 2012). GAASB proposed changes are likely to reduce the liability burden as they will increase the level of accountability an aspect that is likely to reduce the cash lost due to cases of negligence. Proposed changes also address deeply on issues of common deposits and other investment risks such as interest rate risks and even fluctuating of the foreign currency risks. The policy recommendations to disclose all investments that are highly sensitive to these risks wil l reduce the money lost through fluctuating of the currency and changes in the interest rates (University of Maryland, 2012). One of the major economic condition that s likely to affect the growth of this institution is government changes in labor policies. Government is likely to change the policies such as medical policies and retirement policies. Some of the likely changes that are likely to be outlined include; increased amount contributed towards the pension scheme and specified amount that the institution should direct towards payment of medical insurance for its employees. This is likely to reduce the amount of money directed towards improving the status of the university. Second aspect that is likely to affect the future success of university of Maryland is increased government intervention and regulations in university through taxation. This is likely to slower the level of activities in the institution an aspect that will be replicated in the overall growth rate of the ins titution (University of Maryland, 2012). Changes in the foreign currency and interest rates will have direct impact on the overall growth of university of Maryland. The institution conducts many transactions some of which depend largely on the interest rates. Fluctuations in the currency and changes in the overall economy will therefore hamper the level of growth in the university (Gibson, 2012). In university of Maryland grants are used to fund major projects that are aimed at improving the education status in the university. In addition to this, they are used in daily running of the institution. Also, they are sometimes used to cover the liabilities that the institutions have incurred over the past periods in order to reduce burden to the institution (Gibson, 2012). Grants such as federal grants are used by the institution to offer students with the scholarships. This is aimed at helping the needy students who are not capable of paying for their school fees. In addition to this, t hese funds are directed towards equipping the institution with the current technology in order to improve the level of research conducted by the institution. As a result, the institution has been able to conduct many researches in different fields an aspect that has improved the overall growth of the state and economy at large (Gibson, 2012). With GAADB laid procedures on how to use funds in the institutio

Land Art Movement and Artists

Land Art Movement and Artists Land Art was mainly developed during the late 1960s. It is also known as Earthworks. Land art was the revolutionary side of the artists, which were trying to escape from the traditional painting and sculpture, as well as their ecological concerns. According to Robert Smithson, this revolutionary approach, was also an attempt to escape from galleries and museums; this led to environmental consciousness and objection. †¦The ecologist tends to see the landscape in terms of the past, while most industrialists dont see anything at all. The artist must come out of the isolation of galleries and museums and provide a concrete consciousness for the present as it really exists, and not simply present abstractions or utopias†¦[1] This had as a result, for artists to create their art directly into the landscape. The work was made mostly with huge scale ‘sculptures directly in nature, using natural materials. Land art is about ‘real life and embodies the direct and instinctive relations with the landscape, the nature and the environment. It covers the approach of the location and the experience of the observer attaching special importance to the landscape. Land art works were mainly exhibited with written or photographic documentations. [2] Land art also provides the social and cultural conditions of that time. During 1968 there was a fundamental change of revolution in both continents, United States and Europe. In United States there was a pacifist and human rights expression, mainly caused by the Cold War and the American attachment in Vietnam. In Europe, one factor for that revolutionary change was the rebellious activities of the ‘Situationist Internanionale (Guy Debord) in France. Also the warning of danger caused by the nuclear war (global extinction), had a result to emphasize the importance of ecological issues. The first images from space, published the same year, changed the way we perceive our world. Land art reveals the clash positions of that period, in the direction of land and the environment. It desires a radical change and the recovery of the ecological disaster on land caused by the industrialisation. Through Land art we can reconsider our relationship with the landscape and with nature. The massive unexploited land of America played a major role in the development of Land art in the United States during that period. Many American artists performed their works, using those unexplored deserts of the American landscape. Those deserts embodied a mainly American approach towards landscape. They also proposed the success of American culture and technology over nature. They rejected the historic fine art traditions of Europe and they started to reference towards the significant national American idioms.[3] One main American artist is Robert Smithson, which he considers being the most important theoretical artist among all land artists. Many of his activities were located in the geological and culturally rich of Western America in desert locations. Smithson was interested in natural history from an early age. The year 1964 was a crucial year for his career as he began to develop his themes and interests. Blood, decay, geological strata and theories about time and history, were some of the artists interests that were developed through the paintings that he made on that period. In the same year he created a series of ‘crystalline sculptures, like The Eliminator 1964. He also developed a friendly relationship with a number of artists, which were associated with Minimalism. One of them was Donald Judd. When he exhibited those sculptures, they were perceived as Minimalist. This was mainly because he was known for his connection with those artists and due to the fact that for this work he used industrial materials. But Smithsons work deals and represents the multipart conceptual ideas. This multipart conceptual ideas include crystalline growth, decompose and the dilemma of perspective. He rejects clarity, unlike Minimalism, in which objects are standing themselves and are symbolising the external. [4] Smithson, as well as other artists, played their part in transforming the perception of nature. He has seen landscape as a place in continuous transformation, revealing entropy. He is associated with a natural landscape and he emphasizes the relationship between man and natural powers. Smithson also provides a powerful image for the contemporary position. In Smithosns writings the concept that emphasizes much on his work is the principle of energy loss-entropy. In 1968 he started to think about the scale and how artworks can be positioned and viewed in the landscape. He explored these ideas in a series of works called Site and Nonsite. Smithson described this work as ‘an indoor earthwork. In 1969 he started to produce his work directly into landscape, as he was interested in making art outdoors, away from galleries. He produced photographic work using mirrors. [5] In 1970 he made his major work on the landscape called Spiral Jetty, (1) which was made at Rozel Point on Great Salt Lake, in Utah. Spiral Jetty was made from rocks, mud and precipitated salt crystals. Smithson documented the creation of the sculpture. He learned that Great Salt Lake in Utah carried micro bacteria that coloured the water red and he developed an interest in the symbolic possibility of a red saline lake. He created the spiral form, as he was inspired with the location, the natural characteristics and the historical contexts. Smithson linked the red salt water with blood. Through Smithsons own writings, Spiral Jetty is presented as a particular clear example of his association between artwork and location and he is emphasizing its entropic qualities.[6] Michael Heizer was an American artist who was considered being very important to the development of land art. He felt that a sculpture needed to express the character and the scale of the great Western American landscape. He believed that artworks were valued as products and he provided the differences between those works of the urban marketplace and the works in the landscape. He stated that: ‘†¦the position of art as malleable barter-exchange items falters as the cumulative economic structure gluts. The museums and collections are stuffed, the floors are sagging but the real space exists†¦'[7] Heizer used the desert spaces as a laboratory. His first landscape work began in 1967, and it was called North and South. Through out this work we can perceive his interest in void and negative spaces. He rejected European traditions, as he wanted to make art that was ‘American. Heizer most famous and most debatable work is Double Negative (2), built in 1969. It is located at the Mormon Mesa, near Overton, Nevada. This work was made at the edge of the sandstone cliff and it is composed of two deep cuts creating a huge channel. Double Negative is composed of space itself. Heizer said that: In Double Negative, there is the implication of an object or form that is actually not there†¦ [8] Heizer believes that the work is not about the landscape but it is about the sculpture. He also believes that the importance of his work in not in what ‘it rejected but in what ‘it offered instead. Heizer through his work kept his primary purposes for his art in the landscape. In England the Land art started to develop as well in the late 1960s. England presented fewer opportunities for impressive gestures than United States. One main British artist was Richard Long. Long mostly gave emphasis to the simplicity on his work, giving the attention to his common skills and the materials he used. Walking was the principal form of Long. [9] But beneath this simplicity we can perceive the conceptual and the imaginative aspects that highlight Longs art. He explored ideas about time, space and experience. From an early age he started also to explore the traditional subject of landscape. In 1969 he aimed to ‘create an open and exploratory environment during his studies on the ‘Advanced Sculpture Course at St Martins School of Art in London. Other artists shared the same interest with Long about landscape as a subject for contemporary art. During his studies he developed a very different way of reaching the landscape, as through his work, he involved space and scale. His achievement on that period was the work titled with: A Line Made by Walking, 1967. (3) He simply walked along a line, across a field, in order to create a visible path in the grass. The path was photographed. We can split the work into two parts. Part one is the making of the work and part two is the documentation. After this work he continued to explore this conceptual aspect by creating two more works, Bicycle Sculpture 1967 and A Ten Mile Walk, England 1968. Because this kind of works couldnt exhibit into a gallery, Long started to use documentary materials such as texts, maps and photographs. We can separate Longs sculptures into two categories. Sculptures that were made by walking in the landscape, and the documentation of it, and sculptures which were made in the gallery as a reaction to space and locality. This separation on Longs works (the work made in the landscape and the work made for the gallery space), can be compared with Robert Smithsons works Site and Nonesite . We can find many similarities and differences between artists in the two continents. Longs work is considered being practical opposing to the work of Smithson, which is considered being theorised. Both artists used natural materials in order to accomplish their motivations. Long was using in his work, forms such as lines and circles expanding the modernist development. On the other hand, Smithson, had the obsession with ‘ destruction, decay, decomposition and dissolution. Both artists shared the same interest in order to find the place (landscape) to construct their works. Mapping was also a significant concern for Long, as well as for Smithson, not only for the documentation of their work but also to find a specific location. Equally through their works, they demonstrated cultural and artistic concerns. [10] Land art emphasizes the importance between nature and culture. Through Land Art, artists provided that the landscape is one of the original places of cultural expression, like social and environmental are clearly marked. Bibliography: Land Art: A Cultural Ecology handbook, ed. by Max Andrews, London: RSA, 2006. Beardsley, J. Earthworks and beyond: contemporary art in the landscape, 3rd edn. New York: Abbeville, 1998. Malpas, W. Land art, earthworks, installations, environments, sculptures, Kidderminster: Crescent Moon, 1998. Tufnell, B. Land Art, London: Tate Gallery Publications, 2006. [1] Land Art: A Cultural Ecology handbook, ed. by Max Andrews.p.22 [2] Tufnell, B. Land Art, London: Tate Gallery Publications, 2006, pp.12-19 [3] Tufnell, B. Land Art, pp.12-19 [4] Tufnell, B. Land Art, pp 35-42 [5] Beardsley, J. Earthworks and beyond: contemporary art in the landscape, 3rd edn. New York: Abbeville, 1998, pp. 19-23 [6] Tufnell, B. Land Art, pp 43-45 [7] Beardsley, J. Earthworks and beyond: contemporary art in the landscape, p.13 [8] Tufnell, B. Land Art p.51 [9] Beardsley, J. Earthworks and beyond: contemporary art in the landscape, pp.41-46 [10] Tufnell, B. Land Art, pp 32-35

SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Mar

SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Marketing Models Analysis Marketing strategies/models In this objective I will be analysing the different marketing models and evaluating their reliability. The marketing models I will evaluate will be SWOT and PEST analysis, the product life cycle, the Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight into the external and internal influences that may arise which may either be beneficial or cause problems for the launch of my product. Product life cycle The product life cycle shows the sales of a product over time. To be able to market a product, Cadbury must be aware of the product life cycle of its products. The cycle can be demonstrated as below: Introduction Following planning and development, the product is introduced onto the market. This stage includes characteristics such as: Low initial sales, due to limited knowledge and no consumer loyalty Heavy promotion to build brand image and consumer confidence Losses (low profits at best) due to heavy development and promotion costs Limited distribution levels, but high stockholding for the manufacturer Growth At this stage, consumer knowledge and loyalty has grown, and the company increases sales and begins to make profits. There may be a growing number of competitors who may introduce similar products or adapt their price and promotion policies. Maturity The maturity phase is where the profits and sales reach their peak. Profits are being maximised, but the firm has to fight to defend its market position. Sales are maintained by promotion, customer loyalty and product differentiation through alternations such as new packaging. At the end of this stage, the market becomes saturated. Decline This stage is where total sales fall for the company. To make up for this, the company may reduce prices, cutting into its profit margin. This is the end of the product and its life cycle. The table below shows examples of where some of Cadbury’s products lie in the product life cycle. Stage Example Introduction Snaps Growth Under 99 calorie range (Dairy milk) Maturity Dairy Milk, Twirl, Flake Decline Fuse The table shows that most of Cadburys products ... ... to get new people to try the product and existing customers to buy more. The company should therefore use market expansion. In the decline stage, the company should try to re-launch the product, which would be using product or market expansion. Market penetration could be used if a successful product was being re-launched to increase the company’s market share, but this would not work if the product were a dog. The marketing models can be influenced other factors and research. Cadbury’s competitors may affect the company’s use of the Ansoff Matrix. The model is used to analyse the strategic direction of a product, and if a product was placed in the market expansion, which has medium risk strategy, and competitors also released a similar product in this section, there will be a higher risk strategy, which will affect the product’s performance and position in both the Boston matrix and the product life cycle. My questionnaire told me there was a gap in the market for my product, and my SWOT analysis reinforced this. This then tells me that my product should do well as a question mark, in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and as product expansion. SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Mar SWOT, PEST, Product Lifecycle, Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix: Marketing Models Analysis Marketing strategies/models In this objective I will be analysing the different marketing models and evaluating their reliability. The marketing models I will evaluate will be SWOT and PEST analysis, the product life cycle, the Boston Matrix and the Ansoff Matrix. SWOT and PEST analysis In the previous objective, I analysed SWOT and PEST of Cadbury. These enabled me to gain insight into the external and internal influences that may arise which may either be beneficial or cause problems for the launch of my product. Product life cycle The product life cycle shows the sales of a product over time. To be able to market a product, Cadbury must be aware of the product life cycle of its products. The cycle can be demonstrated as below: Introduction Following planning and development, the product is introduced onto the market. This stage includes characteristics such as: Low initial sales, due to limited knowledge and no consumer loyalty Heavy promotion to build brand image and consumer confidence Losses (low profits at best) due to heavy development and promotion costs Limited distribution levels, but high stockholding for the manufacturer Growth At this stage, consumer knowledge and loyalty has grown, and the company increases sales and begins to make profits. There may be a growing number of competitors who may introduce similar products or adapt their price and promotion policies. Maturity The maturity phase is where the profits and sales reach their peak. Profits are being maximised, but the firm has to fight to defend its market position. Sales are maintained by promotion, customer loyalty and product differentiation through alternations such as new packaging. At the end of this stage, the market becomes saturated. Decline This stage is where total sales fall for the company. To make up for this, the company may reduce prices, cutting into its profit margin. This is the end of the product and its life cycle. The table below shows examples of where some of Cadbury’s products lie in the product life cycle. Stage Example Introduction Snaps Growth Under 99 calorie range (Dairy milk) Maturity Dairy Milk, Twirl, Flake Decline Fuse The table shows that most of Cadburys products ... ... to get new people to try the product and existing customers to buy more. The company should therefore use market expansion. In the decline stage, the company should try to re-launch the product, which would be using product or market expansion. Market penetration could be used if a successful product was being re-launched to increase the company’s market share, but this would not work if the product were a dog. The marketing models can be influenced other factors and research. Cadbury’s competitors may affect the company’s use of the Ansoff Matrix. The model is used to analyse the strategic direction of a product, and if a product was placed in the market expansion, which has medium risk strategy, and competitors also released a similar product in this section, there will be a higher risk strategy, which will affect the product’s performance and position in both the Boston matrix and the product life cycle. My questionnaire told me there was a gap in the market for my product, and my SWOT analysis reinforced this. This then tells me that my product should do well as a question mark, in the introduction stage of the product life cycle and as product expansion.

Segregation Gender in School will not benefit anyone

We all wonder if segregating boys and girls are the right thing to do. Studies show that boys learn at a slower rate than girls and that it would be fair if the boys learn separately and learn at a slower pace. I disagree; I don't believe that boys and girls should like segregate for various reasons. Some of the most important reason that can cause harm when segregating boys and girls is either negatively influencing children, learning experiences, or gender stereotypes (â€Å"Segregate Boys & Girls at School? â€Å"). A University Studies found that girls improve boy's grades at school. By not having a segregation it allow boys and girls to have a more effective learning experience and won't cause stereotypes among each other. Studies show that even if boys learn slower than girls, they start to learn equally once they reach university level. We also have to think about, is it fair for the girls if the boys are going to be taught easier because they are one year behind than girls. Is it true that boys will improve on their academic if there was a segregation, no, why? Because boys who have more classes with female peers show higher enrolment rates in both Advance math and science classes and benefits grades for both genders. By having girls in the same classes as boys, they will help them with their assignment and project because girls tend to not be lazy than boys and tend to finish on time unlike boys. Boys tend to not care about school as much as girls and tend to have lower grades. If boys are separate from girls, most likely their grade would fall, because there would no motivation for the boys. Also, if there is a segregation that occurs, there would be a lot of competition between the boys and girls which can lead to great success but also not so great. What I mean it's not so great; well think about it, if there is a competition between boys and girls academic, would boys actually work hard and win, most likely no because like I said most boys don't care about school, they slack on homework and such so why work hard now to win. I think it's best for boys and girls to be in the same classes working together, and help each other out so one another don't slack and be lazy. Boys and girls would learn more effectively because there will be chances for them to hear the opinions of their class mate, which can help them learn from others, other than the teacher. It would be fair if boys and girls are taught equal and with the same technique because when it comes to marking test and assignment, everyone is learning the same thing and the same way so no cheating will occur. When boys and girls work in groups, they can help each other and have their own opinions about the topic, this way it helps the student learn from one another and be able to work well later on in life. When they start working, it would be easy for girls because they know how boys think and can reflect on their opinions and understand them well. Communication is a big factor in our society, and mostly when learnt at a younger age in school so that boys and girls aren't socially awkward when they are older and if not it can cause a lot of difficulty to speak to other people. Boys and girls have to face the different gender in their life for example, dating and marriage, well of course they face the other gender at home and after school, but because we spend so much time at school; 6 hours, 5 times a week, it's easier and faster for them to face it during this period of time. They will learn to have a better communication skill at work place and other places involving a lot of talking with opposite sex. To improve on their communication skill, they are put in groups with equal part boys and girls and once they are put in those groups for assignment and such, they will have to learn to communicate with each other to get a decent mark in that class. Also presentation, they will have to learn to present both sides opinions to their classmates. It's also fair for the boys and girls because it allows them to communicate and understand each other better than having to only listen to only one gender opinion. Communication Therefore, I do not agree with segregating boys and girls because of those reasons I stated above. Like I said it would be more effective for both genders if they work together and hear one another opinion and not just the same sex opinion. By having girls in the same classes as boys will motivate them to work hard and to impress them, because what can I say, smart boys are attractive and when boys know that they tend to work harder. Also better communication skills with both genders because they're at school 5 times a week and 6 hours a day, so it's best for them to learn communication during those periods of time. Basically what I'm trying to say is that, it's not a great idea to segregate boys and girls, it's the nature of learning and growing up.

Free Essays on Im A Fool

The short story entitled I’m a Fool, written in the early nineteen hundreds by Sherwood Anderson is rather interesting to me. Andy is very simple. He is not educated and believes that he is over looked due to his physical appearance. At the start of the story, he seems as if he has a short fuse. He talks about wanting to harm the kid that took the paper job and he also wants to prove himself to the fellow with the cane in the bar because he was dressed nicely. He thinks that education is of no importance in life and disagrees with is mother and sister on this issue. I think that the overall moral of the story is that no matter how hard life is, education is just a piece of the puzzle of life and with out it life can get sticky. At the end of the story he gets involved with a girl he feels strongly about and realizes that being a swipe is nothing to brag about. He decides at this point to lie about his life and for that he feels ashamed. I believe that the overall moral of the story has something to do with the idea that here he decides to give up the swiping and meets a girl that he feels could be the one, but due to his own inability to deal with the pressure of the yaps. He decides to drink some whiskey and uses that as his reason for lying about who he is exactly, as well as, being ashamed of who he is because of what he has done in the past. At the end of the story he said that he explains about how he feels mad, sad, and happy all at the same time due to the situation he has caused just by telling a lie. Now he believes he has lost his chan ce to be with this women. Life now to him is meaningless. I read the story three times and it still confuses me in a sense that, it seems to be choppy from detail to detail. He never really tells you about the man with the cane in the grandstands. Was it the same guy from the bar that he was so rude to? Why does he feel as though there is no other work he can do? I believe he is looking for a... Free Essays on I'm A Fool Free Essays on I'm A Fool The short story entitled I’m a Fool, written in the early nineteen hundreds by Sherwood Anderson is rather interesting to me. Andy is very simple. He is not educated and believes that he is over looked due to his physical appearance. At the start of the story, he seems as if he has a short fuse. He talks about wanting to harm the kid that took the paper job and he also wants to prove himself to the fellow with the cane in the bar because he was dressed nicely. He thinks that education is of no importance in life and disagrees with is mother and sister on this issue. I think that the overall moral of the story is that no matter how hard life is, education is just a piece of the puzzle of life and with out it life can get sticky. At the end of the story he gets involved with a girl he feels strongly about and realizes that being a swipe is nothing to brag about. He decides at this point to lie about his life and for that he feels ashamed. I believe that the overall moral of the story has something to do with the idea that here he decides to give up the swiping and meets a girl that he feels could be the one, but due to his own inability to deal with the pressure of the yaps. He decides to drink some whiskey and uses that as his reason for lying about who he is exactly, as well as, being ashamed of who he is because of what he has done in the past. At the end of the story he said that he explains about how he feels mad, sad, and happy all at the same time due to the situation he has caused just by telling a lie. Now he believes he has lost his chan ce to be with this women. Life now to him is meaningless. I read the story three times and it still confuses me in a sense that, it seems to be choppy from detail to detail. He never really tells you about the man with the cane in the grandstands. Was it the same guy from the bar that he was so rude to? Why does he feel as though there is no other work he can do? I believe he is looking for a... Free Essays on I'm A Fool I’m A Fool In Sherwood Andersons, â€Å"I’m a Fool†, four major incidents seem to take place that brings the story to its conclusion. First the narrator decides to quit his horse racing job because of a promise he made to his mother. The narrator seems to feel almost guilty and obligated to quit because he took a job as a swipe and this could possibly jeopardize his sister Mildred from getting a job as a school teacher which she had been working for so long to get. So he gets a job tending to horses, which he is satisfied with and affords him the opportunity to get some time off each week and to make enough money to even send home. This leads to the second major incidence in the story. The first time the narrator sees Lucy Wesson. Many times throughout the story the narrator speaks of his dislike of the educated people and the behavior of the middle to upper class people who were sitting up in the grandstands looking down on all the lower worker class people. I believe hi s ignorance is really jealously or envy of those who have it better than he does. He proves this by going to the horse race and mingles with those same people with whom he says to dislike. He even goes so far as to buy a ticket and sit in the good seats in the grandstands. This is where he sees Lucy Wesson. This leads to the third major incidence of the story, giving false information to Lucy Wesson. He wants to impress her so much and but is so embarrassed with himself and of how poor his family is, he comes up with an elaborate lie to try and win her over. He goes so far as to say that the horse Ben Ahem is owned by his father and places a bet. This he can’t do himself, for fear of being recognized by one his former fellow workers. He asked Wilbur Wesson, Lucy’s’ brother, to place the bet for him. The story continues with the narrator going with Lucy, Wilbur and Miss Woodbury to Cedar Point were he eats dinner with Lucy and they spend some time al...

Our aim is to investigate how varying certain key factors will affect the time taken for marble to react in Hydrochloric Acid Essays

Our aim is to investigate how varying certain key factors will affect the time taken for marble to react in Hydrochloric Acid Essays Our aim is to investigate how varying certain key factors will affect the time taken for marble to react in Hydrochloric Acid Essay Our aim is to investigate how varying certain key factors will affect the time taken for marble to react in Hydrochloric Acid Essay Key Factors ?Temperature of Acid ?The Catalyst ?The Concentration of the Acid ?The Surface Area of The Marble I am going to investigate the difference in the time taken for marble to react in Hydrochloric Acid depending on the temperature of the acid, and attempt to discover any patterns. 2HCl + CaCO3 H2O + CO2+ CaCl2 This will be a good reaction to test as one of the products is Carbon Dioxide so we can measure the time taken for the gas to be produced, using a relatively simple experiment. Prediction I predict that the warmer or hotter the reactant (In this case Hydrochloric acid) is, the quicker the reaction between the marble and the acid will take place. I think this because the more heat is applied, the more energy the molecules of the Hydrochloric Acid will have, therefore making the reaction occur much faster. Low Temperature High Temperature Method Apparatus List ?Basin filled with tap water ?Burette ?Conical Flask with side arm and bung ?G-Clamp with Stand ?Marble (Calcium Carbonate) ?2.5m Hydrochloric Acid ?Thermometer ?Bunsen Burner ?Tripod, Gauze and Heat-Proof Mat Diagram of Apparatus We weighed out the Marble into groups weighing 1g and then put them to the side. We then turned the Bunsen burner on and heated up the acid in the conical flask until it was at the desired temperature. We decided to test the reactivity at 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. We filled the burette up to 50cm3 and then turned it upside down with our hand over the end. We filled the basin half full with tap water and placed the burette upside down in the water, and then removed our hand. We used the G-Clamp to hold the burette in position just off the bottom of the basin. When the Acid was heated to the desired temperature we took it of the tripod and place the end of the sidearm into the bottom of the burette. We dropped the marble into the conical flask containing the acid and quickly placed the bung on the top. We then timed how long it took for the carbon dioxide being produced to be pumped into th e burette and force all of the water out using a timer. Results Temperature Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Mean Time 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 34.0 secs 35.0 secs 34.50 secs 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 8.8 secs 8.7 secs 8.75 secs 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 7.0 secs 7.3 secs 7.15 secs 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 5.5 secs 5.4 secs 5.45 secs 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 4.2 secs 4.0 secs 4.10 secs 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 3.0 secs 3.2 secs 3.10 secs 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C 2.1 secs 2.3 secs 2.20 secs There was a big decrease in the time taken to produce 50cc of carbon dioxide between 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. After that there was a slow and fairly steady decrease in the time taken to produce 50cc of Carbon Dioxide. Conclusion The reaction rate between the amylase and the hydrogen pyroxide increased as the temperature was increased because this gave the Hydrochloric Acid molecules more energy, so a greater percentage of the collisions between Calcium Carbonate molecules and the Hydrochloric Acid molecules produced reactions than at lower temperatures. This agrees with my prediction, as the time taken to empty the burette of water decreased with higher temperatures. Evaluation I feel we could have improved our results by doing lower temperature acid, to produce moà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e accurate results. This would help as we could test the time taken to produce 50cc of Carbon Dioxide at room temperature, and even at much colder temperatures. We also could have done intermediate temperatures between our existing temperatures, such as doing a test every 5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, e.g.20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and so on until 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. If we had been able to keep the acid at the acquired temperature this would have made our results even more accurate, as the acid probably dropped greatly in temperature as the reaction was taking place.

Women in the family in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Women in the family in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example To determine the situation of women in Saudi Arabia one has to analyze these factors first. This paper aims at understanding the role and position women are given in the Saudi society. It will examine the culturally defined position of women in the family, marriage, health, education, religion, politics and the economy. Saudi Arabia is a big nation covering almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. The kingdom dwarfs neighboring countries like Kuwait, Iraq, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Jordan. Thanks to its vast oil deposits, the country is cash rich with modern cities, advanced technologies, and sleek homes. However, the Saudi Arabia’s culture and beliefs are strongly influenced by the Islamic religion. Members of its society learn the various traditional and cultural values from their families and schools at a young age. The kingdom takes religious functions and calendar very seriously. The highlights of the nation’s calendar are the Ramadan and the national holidays that come after it (Zuhur 345). The Saudi Arabian way of life is also hugely influenced by the old age Arabic traditions. They include the values of hospitality and generosity that every family offers to friends, strangers, and family. Religion and the tradition Arabic culture determine the position of women in the Saudi Arabian society. Women in the Saudi are viewed as inferior to men. The rules that govern their general behavior show their inferiority. For example, women in the nation regardless of marital status or age are required to be in the company of a male guardian when they leave their home and they are not permitted to drive. It is evident that the culture and the Islamic religion of the Saudi Arabian people determine how various institutions of the society are structured and the role women paly in those institutions. The Saudi family and marriage system is also significantly influenced by the country’s culture and traditions. Traditionally, marriage

Duty to Warn and to Protect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Duty to Warn and to Protect - Essay Example Some individuals may cause harm to themselves while other may be dangerous to other people. In any case, it is the job of a therapist to make sure that a person copes with the personal crisis and carries on happy and productive life. For the purposes of this paper, one should imagine the following scenario. The author will be a therapist that has a patient. The latter tends to be distressed. He is a white male in his mid-twenties, experiencing a personal crisis: he wants to find a girl who will ultimately become his wife, but he simply can not, not matter how hard he tries. His inability to cope with this problem causes him to experience severe stress. There are two ways that he deals with it: on the one hand, he spends much time in the bed, waiting for the feelings that tear his soul to go away; on the other hand, he recently started thinking about hurting other people. The latter thoughts are very rare and the subject clearly acknowledges that they are wrong. However, he admits that there are times when he looses control over his actions. To begin with, it may be important to identify the legal issues that this case holds. Thus, the therapist is made aware of the violent intentions of his client. The latter said several times that hurting others will allow him to release the stress. The subject is well educated person with a stable income with no legal history. Other than during the session he acts cheerfully and assertive. It is highly likely that he will be able to buy a gun if he wants to. With all this in mind, the therapist is faced with a possibility that his client might start a shooting spree. That is why it is the legal obligation of the former to inform law enforcing agencies that there is a subject in the area that experiences a personal crisis and made a clear statement of possible intentions of hurting others because of that. There is also an

Capital Punishment in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Punishment in America - Research Paper Example Deterrence is regarded as a means of discouraging individuals from engagement in criminal activities. This involves illustrating to offenders that harsh consequences would result for their criminal actions. Such consequences include one being imprisoned. As such, deterrence illustrates that punishment should be provided as a consequence of crime. Since human beings are rational, contemplation of the severity and consequences of punishment would deter people from temptations of engaging in criminal activities. This validates the use of deterrence as the means of punishment for criminal activities in society. On the other hand, retribution indicates an action of repairing or repaying something as price of criminal activities of an individual. Such a punishment makes an individual develop individual responsibility towards social structures and â€Å"keep off† criminal activities. As such, the most effective means of deterring crime is retribution. This is because an individual is subject to payment of the criminal acts. This acts as an effective means of making an individual not to engage in criminal activities. This type of punishment is more significant in cases where the individual commits a crime for the first time than in cases of subsequent crimes. The American society believes in punishment as a consequence of criminal activities. This depicts that people are aware of what kind of punishment they may receive in case they engage in criminal activities. Moreover, retribution provides a means of punishment, which depends on the degree of the crime committed by an individual. Therefore, the punishment administered to the criminal is equivalent to the crime committed and the criminal does not receive excessive or less punishment in comparison to the magnitude of the crime committed. However, in situations where an individual is engaged in multiple crimes and retribution does not prove effective. Such an individual should be subjected to rehabilitation for m of punishment. This is because this form of punishment allows effective cross-examination of the psychological needs and reactions of an individual, which could be the factors, which makes such an individual to engage in criminal activities. After such a cross-examination, an individual is guided under a controlled environment, which allows consistent monitoring of behavior of an individual. This leads to a change in the conduct of an individual in society. Furthermore, rehabilitation provides an opportunity of offering moral education to an individual who is engaged in criminal activities. This may also include provision of vocation training, which equips an individual with skills, which would keep such an individual from engagement in criminal activities, in society. Deterrence is not an effective means of punishment since it leads to the development of fear among individuals, which impacts the decision-making process of individuals in society (Lund, 2002). As such, using deterr ence as a form of punishment would create an American society, which is composed of an element of fear.

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Teenage Pregnancy Essay The reality TV series 16 and pregnant and Teen Mom are two great examples showing the everyday struggles of teenage pregnancy and a day in the life of a teenage mother. By no means do these two shows glorify teen pregnancy. Teens seem to think that they are inevitable and nothing will happen to them. All it takes is one time to have sexual intercourse to become pregnant. While being wrapped up in the excitement, lust, adrenaline, rush and at times even under the influence these young teens do not seem to think about the outcome that may occur from making the decision to partake in intercourse. The Big Brother sister Program has proved to steer children in the right direction, have a positive impact on these children and encourage these kids to be all they can be. The Big Sister program should address the issue of teen pregnancy by providing sexual education, guidance, free contraception and a respected role model to young females. Providing these teens with sexual education concerning the impact of teenage pregnancy regarding the wellbeing of a teen mother and child, loss of education, and the lack of parenting skills will influence young teens to make better decisions and teen pregnancy will decrease in our community. Teenage pregnancy may seriously impact the wellbeing of their child as well as themselves by not seeking proper medical care which may cause high blood pressure, anemia, toxemia, and Placenta Previa (Bodeeb 2011). Many teens do not even realize they are pregnant until about three or four months, Due to the fact that teens are unaware of the physical and internal changes the body makes to prepare a home in the womb for the baby. It is important for a mother to seek medical attention as soon as possible to make sure of a healthy pregnancy. The early stages of pregnancy are the most important. A mother needs to be aware of the pregnancy for such reasons as: taking prenatal vitamins, smoking cigarettes, drinking or any prescription taking while being pregnant (Bodeeb 2011). Those acts may cause serious long term birth defects and medical complications for the baby. Certain tests need to be performed while in the first few months of a pregnancy as well to make sure there are not any complications. At four months the Down syndrome test is performed on the child while in the womb. That is an issue that any mother would like to know about their unborn child so proper decisions can be made and the mother can find out where to go from then. Un Expecting bleeding may occur and a young mother may seem to think it is an abnormal period, but really it may be a miscarriage and if proper procedures aren’t taken it can result to the loss of the mother. A proper DNC must be performed. Teen pregnancy will be a challenge due to the fact that teens are not provided the skills that are needed to handle a pregnancy and mother hood. This may very well affect the wellbeing of the mother and the child. It is necessary for a teen mother to portray skills for pregnancy. Patience, maturity, and the ability to handle stress is a part of pregnancy. Pregnant teens are at more of a higher risk of postpartum depression syndrome, which starts after delivering the baby. According to CDC, girls who feel down and sad, either while pregnant or after birth should talk openly to someone they trust. Depression can absolutely interfere with taking care of a newborn (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Postpartum depression affects many mothers life while trying to care for their child. This depression makes it hard for a mother to have the want or need to take care of their baby, cry consistently, and may cause the mother to shut herself out away from the rest of the world(†Teen Pregnancy :Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). Teens are at higher risk of this depression because they are less experienced, scared, the lack of social life and simply because they just do not know how to handle a helpless child depending on the young mother. Teens most of the time lack these skills to obtain a successful pregnancy. Bodeeb also states that according to The U. S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that babies born to teen mothers may have weaker intellectual development and may have on going medical complications. Babies born to teen mothers may have medical complications such as: The growth of the child, which is called premature birth. The earlier a baby is born the more risk there is of respiratory, digestive, vision, cognitive, and other problems (â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: Medical Risks and Realities†, 2005-2012). It is not easy attending high school while expecting a child, especially having to deal with being judged by classmates. Regardless if any teen mother is affected by the comments or snickering being made by the other students, it does not help the situation or make it any easier. These acts that occur all the time in school may cause the young mother to no longer want to attend school . Finding a sitter for the child is a burden because not all parents of a young mother are supportive of the situation. In some cases a young girl getting pregnant while still living at home and attending school may result in her getting thrown out of her home , which makes it even more complicated to attend classes. After having a child the mother is usually given six weeks for recovery and to spend time with the mother. The time missed by the student may result to failure of classes or getting behind. This is when most teens decide to not come back to school because they figure it is more of a hassle and simply do not know what to do. There are some high schools that have day cares located inside the school, but not all. It is a struggle for teens to put their child in day care, especially if they cannot find a job that will work around the school schedule and spending time with the baby. The government does provide assistance in child care but they do not pay for the whole thing. It was recently reported by CBS 2 News that Chicago’s South Side Paul Robenson High School has 115 girls who are pregnant out of 800 girls who attend the school (Roush, 2009). According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics, teen pregnancy is not just local problem and birth rates have been rising during the past few years after more than a decade of decline (Roush, 2009). Soo Ji Min, executive director of the Illinois Caucus for adolescent Health, an organization that advocates for policies to promote sexual health and education among teens said that; the No child Left- behind is the culprit for eliminating sexual education in school. She claimed the lack of information in the schools led to the increase in teen pregnancies (Roush, 2009). If schools are teaching about abstinence and not giving teens the knowledge they need to know about sex and protection, these children are not receiving any information to protect themselves. To continue to discuss the importance of the statistics of pregnancy among teen girls and the impact on their education, less than half of young women who have had a child as a teenager go on to finish high school or let alone go on to pursue studies in college (Roush, 2009). It is becoming harder for anyone to find a job without a college education or nevertheless the bare minimum of a GED or diploma. Bill albert ,a chief Program officer of the National Campaign founded in 1996 to help women stated that; a teenage girl has a three in ten chance of becoming pregnant before turning 20 (Roush , 2009). Without saying adolescent mothers are bad mothers it is safe to say that young mothers lack the ability for proper parenting skills that will play a role in the impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers. The earlier stages of parenting behavior tend to occur from the risk process of stress. Diversion of attention away from socialization, urgent goals of providing shelter and substance, lack of social support, and lack of opportunities to enhance parenting skills all may contribute to the preventing difficulties faced by young mothers living in disadvantaged circumstances. Again these examples provided may be symptoms of postpartum depression syndrome. Teen mothers may simply face a barrier providing for their child and get discouraged in the process and tend to lead to the lack of judgment in providing for the child (Socio Economic Disadvantages and child Development pp185-204). Child parenting skills may consist of aggressive behavior from the child. If a child is acting out, simply unruly, often angry, gets in trouble in school, or defies the parents, these may be signs of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior from the child is more likely to occur due to a teen having a child at such a young age (Socio Economic Disadvantages and Child Development pp185-204). A teen mothers harsh discipline strategies may also play a role in aggressive behavior from the child. It is hard for a child to discipline a child in the correct manner. In many cases young mothers tend to get overwhelmed and accidently hurt or abuse the child because they get frustrated. Just like their mothers the child of a teen is more likely to experience abuse and neglect and become pregnant as a teen as well (Cheour, 2011). In high school prom was a big deal, but if being pregnant during the occasion it may take away the memories and the pleasure of enjoying the high school experience. Time is limited with friends and sports are completely out of the option while being pregnant. Not only does a child need to remain a child with less stress as possible, there is no need for a young girl to carry the burden of having to take care of a helpless child when some of these teens can barely take care of themselves. The impact of teen pregnancy on young mothers is a more serious issue than some may seem to realize. The concern is of course in regards to a young adult having the proper education provided to decrease teen pregnancy, even if the issue may not be eliminated altogether. The children are our future and by bringing forth the Big sister program filled with volunteers that are willing to guide, assist in young teens making the right decisions, and simply just making a fun positive way of learning about safe sex the numbers of these pregnant girls in school have a chance to decrease. If this program only changes one young woman’s perspective and makes her realize the outcome that may occur from bringing a beautiful life into this world the goal will be accomplished.

Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic Interaction In Protein Folding Biology Essay

Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic Interaction In Protein Folding Biology Essay Review the mechanism of protein folding Module: Enzyme Technology and Biocatalysts Module leader: Prof. Steve Forsythe Proteins are the bio molecules which play pivotal role in this living world. They are responsible for expression of certain characters in different types of cells and constitute around 50% of the total cell dried mass. Proteins are the chain of amino acids which binds with polypeptide backbone and then fold in a unique 3D (native) structure by which protein expression takes place. Various forces and factors are responsible for protein folding .If right expression of the protein will not take place, it will cause disorders in human body. Many diseases like Alzheimers; Parkinson, cystic fibrosis etc (Baldwin 2007) is caused due to improper folding of proteins. For proper expression of protein, the amino acid chain should be in its unique 3D structure. Sometimes proteins require assistance in folding, molecules which help in the folding are known as chaperones. These molecules help in the folding of the certain protein molecules and also prevent the unfolding of the molecules. In this assignment, I have tried to describe the mechanism of the protein folding and effect of various factors which influence protein folding by taking into consideration the present developments in our understanding of thermodynamics and kinetics of protein. INTRODUCTION Protein folding refers to the process by which a protein assumes its characteristic structure, known as the native state. Protein folding is very complex mechanism and great development in its understanding has been achieved in last 20years due to the development and use of some sophisticated modern techniques like X Ray Crystallography, N.M.R, and Mass Spectrometry etc. In the last few decades, we have managed to find the 3D structure of various proteins and how actually protein folding takes place. In the complex process of protein folding, various factors act together to construct specific 3D structure of a protein. Protein folding is a very quick process taking milliseconds to seconds. Due to high speed of folding, it is not possible to find each and every possible conformation in fractions of time. Levinthal stated that each protein can possibly have millions of pathway by which a desired 3D pattern can be achieved. By study of intermediates we can understand the mechanism or pattern on which protein folding works. But it is impossible to find out all possible structure of protein molecules. Protein folding study uses denaturants which help to denature the protein. The logic is to use denaturing conditions viz. high pH, Temp, Pressure etc to stop folding at intermediate stages (Stop flow technique) to study these intermediates, thereby generating an overview of the whole process. Fully folded structure is also known as native structure. Protein folding studies have also been done in in-vivo and in-vitro conditions. In in- vivo protein folding, some metal ions act as cofactors. These cofactors stabilise and accelerate protein folding and finally help to achieve native stage .Macromolecules like chaperones initiate protein folding, helping the protein molecule to retain its folded confirmation and making it stable. In-vitro concentration of macromolecules is very less, around 1% of what is originally present in the cell. So inside cell, these molecules also affect protein stability and make them more stable than in vitro (Rumfeldt et al. 2008) Protein folding can be a two stages or multistage process, depending upon the type of sequence. A single point mutation can change folding from two stages to multistage and vice-versa .Some previous studies show that protein sequences of less than 80 amino acids prefer two stage folding and large protein sequences having more than 130 amino acids prefer multi stage folding. Later studies have shown that sequences rich in F and G amino acids prefer two stages folding where as sequences rich in C, H, L and R amino acids prefer multistage folding (Ma, Chen Zhang 2007) PROTEINS FOLDING Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction Proteins are made of amino acids and joined by polypeptide bonds leads to formation of polypeptide backbone. We have only 20 type of the amino acids .whose combinations code for such complex structure and folding .These amino acids can be divide in two groups one is hydrophilic or polar group and other is hydrophobic or nonpolar group and their interaction with the cytoplasm make them folded(Trevino, Scholtz Pace 2007) POLAR OR HYDROPHILIC AMINO ACID NON-POLAR OR HYDROPHOBIC AMINO ACID ASPARTIC ACID D ALANINE A GLUTAMIC ACID E GLYCINE G ARGNIN R VALINE V LYSINE K LEUCINE L HISTIDINE H ISOLEUCINE I ASPARAGINE N PROLINE P GLUTAMINE Q PHENYLALANINE F SERINE S METHIONINE M THREONINE T TRYPTOPHAN W TYROSENE Y CYSTEINE C In the early stages of research, problem was why protein folds to a specific structure and which part of the protein carried information for the folding and later on this was find that primary structure of the protein code for the final 3D structure. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions of the amino acids adjust protein it such a way that it suffers minimum repulsion and problem from the surrounding. In folded state of protein all hydrophilic amino acid molecules come at the other side and interact with water in the cytoplasm and hydrophobic molecule come at the inner side of the molecule and dont show any reaction and attraction with water molecules and ultimately protein folding take place in such a way that suffer minimum repulsion (Baldwin 2007) All amino acids have different energetic in secondary structure. There are many chameleon sequences in protein structure which can be taken as alpha helix or beta sheets depending upon the tertiary structure of protein. These chameleon are stabilised by hydrophobic forces (Chen et al. 2008) Fig.a shows yellow colour hydrophobic molecules inner side of structure Fig.b shows folding takes place and keeps hydrophobic molecules in inner side (Chen et al. 2008) Apart from these interactions hydrogen bonding is very important in the protein folding. Hydrogen bonding takes place between hydrogen and electronegative atoms In the maintenance of the native structure hydrogen bonding present in between the polypeptide amino acid chain which helpful in the formation of the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of the proteins. Hydrogen bonding also interacts between polar and side chain residues with the surrounding water molecules. During the denaturing of the protein hydrogen bond between protein molecules break and native structure of protein disturbed (Djikaev, Ruckenstein 2010) Hydrophobic interactions are also responsible for the protein folding. During hydrophobic interactions amino acids which are non polar or hydrophobic they align themselves in such a way that all hydrophobic come together and all hydrophilic molecules make hydrogen bonds with water molecules, all hydrophobic amino acid come in to inner side of the protein molecules and formation of the nuclei take place which is hydrophobic these interaction further helpful in the secondary, tertiary structure and due to this protein sta bilise and help to achieve native structure because hydrophobic molecules will not interact with water and always have repulsive attitude toward water and let the protein in the folded form and finally such type of the folding take place in which molecule have hydrophobic core and all hydrophilic molecules in periphery of the folded structure(Berezovsky et al. 2001) Free energy and entropy (G, E) Gibbs free energy (G) is also defined as the amount of the energy which is free and this can also be defined as the measure of unstableness and this measured by simple equation G= H-TS G=free energy, H=enthalpy, S=entropy, T= temperature Entropy (S) is defined as degree of randomness in any system, in terms of protein folding this can be define as the measure of the possible structure in the protein molecule at that value of the entropy. Entropy is responsible for the possible out come of protein as much high would be entropy as much high number of the confirmation would form. To minimise the entropy in the protein folding various force come in play like hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, disulphide bonds etc. these bonds help to reduce the entropy and favour protein folding(Brady, Sharp 1997)BOLTZMANN worked on the entropy and give us a very useful relation between atomic theory and entropy. Boltzmann proposed an equation which shows that entropy in any unfolded protein structure is equal to the product of his constant(KB) and natural log of number of all possible states which any protein can adopt(S) S = KB * NATURAL LOG (S) KB=Boltzmann constant Protein folding prefers low value of entropy and follows that smallest path in which value of entropy is low. At different value of the entropy different number of structure could be present and finally all structure will vanished and one structure would be present at the minimum value of entropy, which is our native structure (Weikl, Dill 2003) Enthalpy (H) is also responsible for protein folding. This is also known as the measure of the total energy of the system including internal energy (U). P and V are the pressure and volume of system H= U+P*V So, we should search for such structure which have low value of enthalpy then the free energy, because which structure have low value of enthalpy that will have low value of free energy too(Brockwell, Smith Radford 2000) Gibbs free energy equation is the single solution for all protein folding problem. Gibbs equation shows that in case of protein folding, stable state will have minimum value of G. unfolded state have higher free energy then the folded one and protein folding have many intermediates, This stage is less populated stage and have maximum energy in the whole system, all above mention factor in the Gibbs equation adjust and finally provide such folded state in which value of G is minimum and this is known as fully folded and stable confirmation(Finkelstein, Badretdinov 1997) (www.biology-online.org/articles/statistical_thermodynamics_taking_walk.html) Chaperones Chaperones are bio molecules which participate in the protein folding. Proteins need assistance in the folding and binds with cofactors .which allow them to fold properly .these cofactor known as chaperones. These chaperones bind with the protein as N terminus of the protein formed and leave ribosome and until and unless protein gain his fully active 3D state and become functional(Tomala, Korona 2008) Chaperones are not only helping in the correct protein folding but they also help protein to maintain its correct 3D structure and prevent them to unfold .these molecules comes in to play when cell is under stress due to favourable conditions are not present and they also known as the H.S.P (heat shock protein).these molecular chaperones are HSP40(Dnaj), HSP60(GroEl), HSP70(Dnak) etc.(Rikhvanov, Romanova Chernoff 2007) Copied from Yon, Betton 1991 Mode of action Chaperones recognise non native protein structure by their exposed hydrophobic regions Chaperones action is driven by ATP and for the activity of the chaperones assistance protein folding need of energy, which is provided by the ATP. These chaperones bind with the intermediate and unfolded protein structure by the utilisation of the ATP intermediates or random coil structure are unfolded and again they are fold in the correct 3D structure (NATIVE structure). Chaperones molecules are task specific that are different molecules perform different functions. For example: HSP70/40 They prevent aggregation and misfolding of newly synthesised protein molecules. HSP60 They unfold intermediate and then fold them properly in to native structure Chaperones are like catalyst, they enhance rate of protein folding and assist protein folding to native structure and after the formation of the native structure they separated. As like catalyst they required energy for the initiation of the process Chaperones activity is much specialised, in stress condition protein get mutated, denature, and aggregate. Which may cause some wrong expression and code for some disease .In such situations they are enough capable to provide personalised treatment to different protein (Yon, Betton 1991)They can easily point out that which protein intermediate structure need to be degraded and which protein intermediate to be stabilise in the native structure and path should be follow for this process. In some mutation destabilise protein can be easily stabilized by HSP70 and some over expression of the specific chaperones. For example: In bacteria HSP70 bind with the protein polypeptide chain during translation after the synthesis some protein released for expression and some may attached for some specialised folding and most destabilise polypeptide chain degraded by chaperones (Tomala, Korona 2008) Chaperones activity is not simple they have multiple steps in their folding mechanism. Some chaperones required some other chaperones intermediate as substrate and then they provide native structure. Hsp90/70 mechanism chain Some chaperones may responsible for disease. it has been found that HSP90 enhance cancer development because many mutated protein mature in the presence of the HSP90 and cause cancer , repressing HSP90 such type of cancer can be able to prevent but problem associated with this is due to this action some non mutagenic protein will be degrade and not express and cause problem. But on other side HSP70 acts as good repressor in neurodegenerative disease and prevent this disease in the fruit flies (Tomala, Korona 2008) Models of protein modelling and structure prediction Plaxco and co-worker model: This model shows that high degree of correlation between folding rate and structural properties of protein explain on the basis of contact order (CO). This can be cross validated from various experiments that folding rate and contact order are dependent to each other. ,    L  is the sequence length   N  is the total number of inter-residue atomic contacts   ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ Lij  is the sequence separation of contacting residues  i  and  j Kuznetsov and rackovsky showed that structural based determinants can serve as good determinants of folding rate and many other researchers searching for which structural and sequence based determinants can serve as unique predictor of folding rate (Shakhnovich 2006) Dokholyan and co-workers model: They use simple protein model and find out transition state of src homology 3(SH3) to find out contribution of each amino acid in transition state. They calculate ÃŽÂ ¦ value and on this basis they find high correlation between simulation and experimental ÃŽÂ ¦ value .in the end of their experimental model they conclude that L24 and G24 are two most important residues in the folding of proteins Physics and bioinformatics based models: Physics models are very helpful to understand protein folding rate and route to folding. These physics based models help to understand the various forces and their dynamics in protein folding. These models help to understand: Conformational changes in protein Mechanism of folding, enzyme catalysis, mode of action protein Response to ph salt and denaturants(Brockwell, Smith Radford 2000) Bioinformatics is very important tool to find out the structure and folding pattern of the protein molecules. In this we add our computer based program along with these physics model and within the fraction of time provide us 3D structure of protein. Various databases on web are present which contain information regarding proteins only like NCBI, PUBMED etc. these databases contain all information about proteins by the comparison of our unknown sequence using bioinformatics tools with these databases we can find out possible structure and folding pattern and helpful in drug discovery, possible remedy against disease etc. Now, how collectively these factors works After having the knowledge of these factors now we can easily understand how they act and result to the fully folded 3D structure. Primary structure of protein code for 3D structure and all above factors participate to provide a functional unit. initially primary structure of protein are made of different type of amino acids on the poly peptide back bone and just after the production of the N-terminus protein folding starts and secondary structures alpha helix and beta sheets are formed. In alpha helix all amino acid chain remain in the periphery of the helix and this structure formed due to hydrogen bonding and di-sulphide bonding (Trevino, Scholtz Pace 2007) After the formation of secondary structure, tertiary structure these hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and charge on the molecule come it to the play now this protein molecule structure fold in such a way to minimise all these forces and try to give an stable confirmation to protein(Chen et al. 2008) Free energy and entropy act simultaneously. After attachment of these secondary structures stability is not uniform in the whole tertiary structure. There may be possibility that two stable structures are joining by unstable and less stable strands and in that case folding take place in such a way to minimise the free energy of the system. This type of stage is known as the intermediate stage. In this stage all amino acids are attached in the structure but the entropy of the system is high and due to which this show high presence of free energy and may have the millions of the possibilities of the intermediate structure. Now protein starts folding from intermediate to the stable or native structure by minimising the interaction between the molecules. Due to which all the hydrophobic or non polar amino acid come in the centre of the structure and the formation of hydrophobic core take place of 3D structure and all polar or hydrophilic molecules come at the periphery of the 3D structur e(Chen et al. 2008). Out of millions of the possibilities there are many path which favour this folding in term of having minimum energy and protein molecule select that path which is shortest and this may contain several steps in folding and ultimately leads to the formation of native 3D structure Copied from Ma, Chen Zhang 2007 There is always some equilibrium in some folded and intermediates state and molecules may be aggregate. this depend upon the pH, Temp, Pressure and denaturation agents and the protein structure destabilise it start affecting other native protein structure in this stage chaperones act as cofactors and help in the and maintaining native structure of protein(Ma, Chen Zhang 2007) SUMMARY In the protein folding 3D structure of protein plays an important role in the protein expression and their function. Information regarding protein folding is present in the primary structure of the protein which bioenergetics can be determined by bound amino acid. Hydrophobic forces play an important role. They all concentrate at the centre of the molecules and hydrophilic at the periphery of the structure. Hydrogen bonding plays an important role due to which all polar molecules bound with the surrounding medium in cell and makes protein molecule structure rigid and compressed. Protein folding is a spontaneous process in which entropy of the molecule is decreasing and finally provides a folded structure. Protein native structure must have low value of Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy and lower the value, higher will be the degree of protein stability. Protein may unfold due to the presence of the unfavourable condition like temp, pressure, pH, and denaturing agent. In such a case special type of molecules help in the folding known as chaperones and helpful in maintaining native structure of protein.